Imagine stepping back in time, not just centuries, but millennia. Sri Lanka, an island nation brimming with natural beauty, also cradles a rich tapestry of history within its ancient cities. Among these, Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa stand as majestic testaments to a glorious past, each echoing tales of powerful kingdoms and remarkable civilisations. But if you’re planning a historical journey, which of these archaeological wonders should you prioritise? This is the question many history enthusiasts and travel buffs ponder when charting their Sri Lankan adventure. Interestingly, data from recent collaborative studies with tourism-focused businesses indicates that cultural tourism in Sri Lanka has seen a resurgence, with a 48.72% increase in visitors expressing interest in historical sites over the past year. This surge highlights the enduring appeal of Sri Lanka’s ancient heritage, and Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa are undoubtedly at the forefront of this attraction. Let’s embark on a comparative exploration to help you decide – Anuradhapura vs Polonnaruwa – which ancient city best suits your quest for historical discovery.
Introduction to Sri Lanka’s Ancient Cities
Sri Lanka’s ancient cities are more than just ruins; they are open-air museums showcasing sophisticated urban planning, intricate art, and profound religious devotion. Anuradhapura, the granddaddy of Sri Lankan kingdoms, reigned as the island’s first capital for over a thousand years, from the 4th century BCE to the 11th century CE. Lonely Planet aptly describes it as a sprawling complex of dagobas, ancient pools, and crumbling temples, reflecting the zenith of early Sinhalese civilisation. Polonnaruwa, on the other hand, rose to prominence as the capital after Anuradhapura, primarily from the 11th to 13th centuries CE. Sri Lanka Tourism highlights its more compact and arguably better-preserved state, offering a fascinating glimpse into medieval Sinhalese artistry and engineering prowess. Both cities are UNESCO World Heritage sites, drawing travellers eager to witness the grandeur of ancient cities in Sri Lanka.
Anuradhapura’s Highlights
Anuradhapura, the older and larger of the two, exudes an aura of venerable antiquity. Its vast landscape is dotted with colossal dagobas (stupas), serene reservoirs, and remnants of monastic complexes. Exploring Anuradhapura is like traversing a sacred historical text written in stone and brick.
Key Attractions
Sri Maha Bodhi: Perhaps the most venerated site in Anuradhapura, the Sri Maha Bodhi is believed to be a southern branch of the sacred Bodhi tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment. Planted in 288 BCE, it is one of the oldest documented trees in the world, a living testament to the enduring legacy of Buddhism in Sri Lanka.
Ruwanwelisaya: Dominating the skyline, the Ruwanwelisaya dagoba is a marvel of ancient engineering and devotion. Its gleaming white dome rises majestically, a symbol of Buddhist faith and royal patronage. Restored to its former glory, it provides a breathtaking spectacle, especially at sunrise or sunset.
Jetavanaramaya: Once among the tallest structures in the ancient world, the Jetavanaramaya dagoba, even in its current state of partial ruin, is immensely impressive. Its sheer scale is a testament to the ambition and resources of the Anuradhapura kingdom.
Abhayagiri Dagaba: Another colossal dagoba, Abhayagiri was the centre of a vast monastic city, reflecting the intellectual and spiritual vibrancy of Anuradhapura’s monastic orders. Exploring the surrounding ruins gives a sense of the scale of this ancient university-monastery.
Isurumuniya Rock Temple: Famous for its rock carvings, particularly the ‘Lovers’ carving, Isurumuniya offers a blend of natural beauty and artistic finesse. The serene temple and its picturesque setting provide a tranquil escape.
Historical Significance
Anuradhapura’s historical significance is unparalleled. As the first established kingdom in Sri Lanka, it played a pivotal role in the spread of Buddhism across the island and Southeast Asia. It was a major centre of political power, trade, and culture for over 1400 years. The city’s history is intertwined with legendary kings like Devanampiya Tissa, who embraced Buddhism, and Dutugamunu, known for his heroic unification of the island. A visit to Anuradhapura is a deep dive into the roots of Sri Lankan civilisation and its profound Buddhist heritage, making it a crucial destination for anyone interested in historical travel Sri Lanka.
Architectural Style
Anuradhapura’s architecture is characterised by its monumental scale and religious focus. The massive dagobas, constructed from brick and covered in plaster, are iconic. The city also showcases sophisticated irrigation systems, including ancient reservoirs like Basawakkulama and Nuwara Wewa, demonstrating advanced engineering knowledge. Monastic complexes, with their elaborate stone carvings and pillared halls, reflect the architectural prowess of the era. The style is grand, reflecting the power and longevity of the kingdom.
Discovering Polonnaruwa
Moving forward in time, Polonnaruwa presents a different, yet equally compelling, chapter in Sri Lankan history. As the second ancient capital, it flourished after Anuradhapura’s decline, inheriting and building upon the legacies of its predecessor. Polonnaruwa, while smaller than Anuradhapura, is remarkably well-preserved, offering a more accessible and easily navigable experience for visitors.
Key Attractions
Gal Vihara: The undisputed masterpiece of Polonnaruwa, Gal Vihara features four magnificent Buddha statues carved from a single granite rock face. These serene and expressive sculptures are considered to be some of the finest examples of Sinhalese art, representing the pinnacle of Sri Lankan rock carving.
Royal Palace (King Parakramabahu’s Palace): The ruins of the Royal Palace complex provide a glimpse into the regal life in Polonnaruwa. Although only foundations and pillars remain, the scale of the complex indicates the opulence and grandeur of the royal court.
Vatadage: The Vatadage is a unique circular relic house, an architectural marvel believed to have housed a sacred relic, possibly the Tooth Relic. Its intricate stone carvings and concentric circles make it a fascinating and aesthetically pleasing structure.
Lankatilaka Vihara: This impressive image house, Lankatilaka Vihara, originally housed a colossal standing Buddha statue. The towering brick walls and the remaining entrance archway hint at its former splendour and the scale of its religious art.
Parakrama Samudra: Meaning ‘Sea of Parakrama’, this vast ancient reservoir, Parakrama Samudra, is a testament to King Parakramabahu I’s vision and engineering skills. It not only served irrigation purposes but also added to the city’s beauty and strategic importance.
Historical Significance
Polonnaruwa rose to prominence after Anuradhapura, becoming the capital in the 11th century CE. It reached its golden age under King Parakramabahu I (1153-1186 CE), who is credited with extensive urban development, including irrigation systems and magnificent buildings. Polonnaruwa reflects a period of political stability and economic prosperity, showcasing a blend of Sinhalese and South Indian (particularly Chola) influences. It represents a significant era in Sri Lankan history, bridging the classical Anuradhapura period with later kingdoms.
Architectural Style
Polonnaruwa’s architecture exhibits a blend of styles. While dagobas are still present, the city showcases a greater diversity of structures, including Brahmanical monuments alongside Buddhist temples, reflecting a degree of Hindu influence during certain periods. The architecture is generally considered more refined and ornate compared to Anuradhapura, with intricate carvings and a greater emphasis on sculptural details, especially evident in Gal Vihara. The city plan is also more compact and arguably more systematically organised, reflecting a more planned urban development.
Anuradhapura vs Polonnaruwa: Which to Choose?
Choosing between Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa depends on your interests and travel style. Here’s a quick guide:
- For the Deeply Historically Inclined: Anuradhapura is the definitive choice. Its immense scale, ancient origins, and profound historical depth offer an unparalleled journey into Sri Lanka’s earliest kingdoms and the roots of its Buddhist culture. If you want to immerse yourself in the foundational history of the island, Anuradhapura is a must.
- For Architecture and Art Enthusiasts: Both cities offer architectural marvels, but Polonnaruwa might edge ahead for its better-preserved state and the exquisite artistry of sites like Gal Vihara and Vatadage. If you appreciate detailed carvings and a more readily visualisable ancient city, Polonnaruwa could be more appealing.
- For Those with Limited Time: Polonnaruwa is more compact and easier to explore in a shorter timeframe. Its sites are closer together, making it possible to see the highlights in a day. Anuradhapura, being vast, requires more time to explore comprehensively.
- For a Sense of Ancient Grandeur vs. Medieval Refinement: Anuradhapura evokes a sense of ancient grandeur and spiritual weight, reflecting its long history as a major religious and political centre. Polonnaruwa, while also grand, possesses a sense of medieval refinement and artistic flourish, showcasing a slightly later era of Sinhalese civilisation.
Ultimately, if time permits, exploring both cities offers a richer and more complete understanding of Sri Lanka’s cultural heritage sites and historical evolution. However, understanding your preferences will help you decide which city to prioritise or how to allocate your time between them.
Travel Tips and Recommendations
Best Time to Visit: The best time to visit both Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa is during the dry season, from December to March. The weather is generally sunny and less humid, making it more comfortable to explore the extensive sites. The shoulder seasons (April-May and September-October) can also be pleasant, with fewer crowds, though there might be occasional rain showers.
Guided Tours: Hiring a local guide is highly recommended for both cities. Guides can provide invaluable insights into the history, architecture, and cultural significance of each site, enriching your experience and helping you navigate the sprawling complexes effectively. Many hotels and tour operators offer guided tours of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa.
Cultural Insights: Both Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa are sacred sites. Dress respectfully, covering shoulders and knees, especially when visiting temples. Remove your shoes and hats before entering religious sites. Maintain a respectful demeanour and be mindful of local customs. Photography is generally allowed, but it’s always best to check for restrictions at specific sites.
Getting Around: The most convenient way to explore both Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa is by car. Rofi Car Rentals offers a hassle-free way to rent a vehicle, providing the flexibility to explore at your own pace. Cycling is also a popular option within Polonnaruwa due to its more compact nature. Tuk-tuks are readily available in both cities for shorter distances.
For those considering self-driving, it’s essential to be aware of local driving regulations and obtain the necessary Sri Lankan Recognition Permit if you hold a foreign driving license. Plan your journey and enjoy the freedom of exploring these historical wonders at your own rhythm with a reliable rental from Rofi.
FAQ
Is it safe to drive to Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa?
Yes, driving to Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa is generally safe. Roads are well-maintained, especially the main routes connecting major cities. However, be mindful of local driving habits and road conditions, particularly in rural areas. Always drive defensively and be aware of pedestrians, cyclists, and animals on the road.
Do I need a special permit to drive in Sri Lanka as a foreigner?
Yes, foreign travelers need a Sri Lankan Recognition Permit along with their international driving permit (IDP) or driver’s license from their home countries. Read how to apply for the Recognition Permit.
What’s the best way to explore Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa?
Self-driving offers the most flexibility and convenience for exploring both Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, especially given the distances between sites in Anuradhapura. While cycling is enjoyable within Polonnaruwa, a car provides comfort and efficiency, particularly in the Sri Lankan heat. Tuk-tuks are suitable for short hops between nearby sites but can be tiring for full-day exploration.
Are self-drive car rentals expensive in Sri Lanka?
Not necessarily! Renting a car can be surprisingly cost-effective, especially for groups or families, and often more economical than hiring private drivers for multi-day excursions. With Rofi.lk, you can find a wide range of vehicles to suit various budgets, from budget-friendly compact cars to spacious SUVs ideal for longer trips and varied terrains.
Plan Your Ancient City Exploration with Rofi.lk!
Uncover the mysteries and marvels of Sri Lanka’s ancient cities with the freedom and comfort of your own rental car. Whether you choose the sprawling grandeur of Anuradhapura or the refined artistry of Polonnaruwa, a self-drive adventure allows you to immerse yourself fully in the rich history and cultural heritage of this incredible island.
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Data regarding the increase in cultural tourism interest is based on collaborative studies with tourism-focused businesses partnered with Rofi, who wish to remain anonymous.
Source of external data mentioned in this article: Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, Lonely Planet, Sri Lanka Travel, Rough Guides, Britannica, Amazing Lanka, UNESCO, Anuradhapura.co.uk, Explore Sri Lanka, Britannica, Visit Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa.co.uk, Amazing Lanka, Viator.
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